Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's immune defence. It occurs when a type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte becomes abnormal and begins to multiply uncontrollably.
Symptoms may include painless swelling of a lymph node (usually in the neck, armpit or groin), unexplained weight loss, night sweats, persistent fatigue and recurrent infections.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in most body tissues. Elevated LDH levels can indicate tissue damage or cell turnover and are commonly raised in lymphoma and other cancers. LDH is used alongside imaging and biopsy results to help stage the disease and monitor treatment response.
Causes of Lymphoma
The exact cause of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is usually unknown. It develops when lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) acquire genetic mutations that cause them to grow and divide abnormally.
Factors that increase risk include:
- A weakened immune system, whether from HIV, immunosuppressive medication (such as after organ transplant), or inherited immune deficiencies
- Autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome and coeliac disease
- Infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Helicobacter pylori (linked to gastric MALT lymphoma) and hepatitis C
- Age, with most cases diagnosed in people over 65
- Family history of lymphoma
Tests that can help check this condition
Learn more on the official NHS page .
